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<nettime> 999.6 unconstitutional |
unconstitutional: not according to the constitution [Roget's International Thesaurus, 4th edition] 999.6 ADJS _illegal, _unlawful, _illegitimate, _illicit, nonlicit, nonlegal, lawless, wrongful, _against_the_law, unauthorized, unallowed, impermissible, unwarranted, unwarrantable, unofficial; unstatutory; _unconstitutional, nonconstitutional; flawed, irregular, contrary to law; actionable, chargeable, justiciable; triable, punishable; _criminal, _felonious; _outlaw, _outlawed; _contraband, bootleg, black-market; under-the-table, under-the-counter; anarchic, anarchistic, anomic. ----------------------------------------- excerpts from Origins. A Short Etymology Dictionary of Modern English. Eric Patridge. c. MCMLVIII. Greenwich House publishing. USA. ========================================== bureau; bureaucrat, -cratic, -cracy; burlesque, ========================================== adjective hence noun and verb. ~Burlesque, adopted from EF-F, comes from It ~burlesco, adjective of ~burla, jest, joke, mockery, ? from VL * ~burrula, a flock of wool, diminutive of LL ~burra, shaggy garmet, (originally) coarse hair, perhaps elliptical for ~lana~burra, from ~burrus, ruddy, from the synonym Gr ~purros, from ~pur, fire (compare to FIRE). Now, LL ~burra has apparently a VL variant *~bura, whence OF-F ~bure, with OF- MF diminutive of ~burel (suffix ~-el), wooden fabric, adopted by E (now obsolete), whence OF-F ~bureau, a coarse woolen cloth, used for covering tables; hence, a desk; hence, an office; when E ~bureau, (mostly) office. The F word has three notable derivatives: ~bureaucrate, when E ~bureaucrat (compare the element ~-crat, as in ARISTOCRAT); ~bureaucratie, whence ~bureaucracy; and ~bureaucratique, whence ~bureacratic. EF - Early Modern French (1500-1700) F - French It - Italian VL - Vulgar (or Low) Latin LL - Late Latin (c A.D. 180-600) Gr - Greek OF - Old French MF - Medieval French (CC13-15) E - English OF - Old French -- [from New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary...] bureau: noun. a chest of drawers (especially with a mirror) for a bedroom || a writing desk with drawers || a government department or its subdivision || an organization or agency [F. = office, desk] bureaucracy: noun. government by officials || officialdom, the routine world of regulations || government officials. autocrat: an absolute ruler, a despot || someone who insists on his own way and will not defer to others. autocracy: government by a single absolute ruler || a state so governed. dictator: noun. an autocrat, an absolute ruler || someone who acts like a petty tyrant. dictatorial: adj. imperious, autocratic. dictatorship: noun. the office oor period of power of a dictator || a form of government in which power is held by a dictator without effective constitutional checks. dictum: an authorative saying || a maxim. maxim: noun. a succinct general truth, moral reflection or rule of conduct. authoritarian: 1. adjective. favoring, or relating to, the theory that respect for authority is of greater importance than individual liberty || domineering. 2. n. a person supporting this theory || economist who espouses government actions to direct economic trends. authoritarian personality: (psych.) a complex of personality traits including rigid adherence to conventional values, uncritical submission to moral authorities, aggressive attitudes towards social deviants, preoccupation with power and toughness, and a generalized hostility. authoritative: adj. coming from an official source or from an appropriate authority || fully expert || with an air of command ~an ~authoratative ~tone ~of ~voice. authority: n. the right and power to command and be obeyed, or to do something || such power, or proof of such power, entrusted to another || an official body which controls a particular department or activity || the government, those in charge || someone whose knowledge and opinions command respect and belief || the power of such knowledge || a book or other writing which is trusted or quoted as evidence, or its author || evidence or reasons for a statement. authorize: to give legal power or right to || to give permission for || to delegate power to || officially approved or appointed, holding or done with the necessary rights or powers. liberty: n. the condition of being free to choose, esp. as between ways of acting or living, with an implication of wisdom and voluntary restraint (cf. LICENSE) || the right to do as one pleases || the condition of being free from physical confinment or captivity || authorized, possessing the right ~I~am~not~at~liberty~to~tell~you. control: 1. to govern, exercise control over || to restrain || to regulate || to test or verify (an experiment) by setting up a control in which all factors except the variant being tested are kept identical. 2. n. power, authority || restraint || self- restraint || the right of administering or supervising || a means of safe-guarding the constitution etc. or regulating the economic life of a nation || a person who acts as a check || a standard of comparison or check in an experiment || (spiritualism) a spirit said to actuate the utterances of the medium. totalitarian: adj. of a form of government or state in which the lives and actions of every individual, and every enterprise, are controlled by a dictator or dictatorial caucus. total war: war in which the whole population of a country is involved, and to which all its resources are devoted, waged against the whole population and resources of the enemy, civilian as well as military. ========================================== govern, -ance, -ess, -or; Gouverneur; gubernatorial; cybernetics. ========================================== 1. 'To Govern' comes from OF-MF ~governor (F ~gou-): L ~gubenare (s ~gubern-), to steer or pilot, hence to govern; synonomous Gr ~kuberman, perhaps of Mediterranean stock, if neither Thracian nor Macedonian; perhaps compare with Skt ~kubhanyús (s ~kubhan-), adjective 'dancing, pirouetting' (steering one's steps). The derivatives MF ~governance, MF ~governesse, OF-MF ~government, OF-MF ~governeor, account for the next four words; ~Gouverneur (Morris) is the F ~gouverneur. 2. L derivative ~gubernaculum (suffix ~-aculum) is adopted by An; agent ~gubernator leads to E ~gubernatorial (adjective ~-ial). 3. Gr ~kuberman, to steer, control, has derivative adjective ~kubernetikos, skilled in steering, etc., whence, as if from * ~ta~kubernetika, the modern ~cybernetics, the science of vast computators and 'mechanical brains'. OF - Old French MF - Medieval French (CC13-15) F - French s - stem Gr - Greek Skt - Sanskrit L - Latin E - English * - before a wordd indicates a presumed word, or form of a word, or sense -- [from New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary...] govern: v.t. to control and direct, rule || to be dominant in, determine || to restrain, control || to serve as or constitute a law or rule for || to control the speed or power of (a machine) esp. by automatic control. governess: noun. a woman employed to teach children in their own homes. government: noun. a governing, nationwide rule, authoritative control || a system of governing || the ministers who govern the country. freedom: noun. enjoyment of personal liberty, of not being a slave nor a prisoner || the enjoyment of civil rights (freedom of speech, freedom of assembly etc.) generally associated with constitutional government || the state of not being subjected to determining forces || liberty in acting and choosing || immunity to or release from obligations, undesirable states of being etc. ~freedom from taxation, ~freedom from fear || ability to move with ease || excessive familiarity || unrestricted use or enjoyment || (with 'from') an absence of, ~freedom from controls || (in the arts) spontaneity unfettered by rules and conventions || a privilege conferred on someone to do {him or her} an honor. constitution: noun. the act of constituting, a setting up || the total physical condition of the body || total moral or mental makeup, or way in which something is made up || the set of principles adopted by a state or society for its government || a decree or ordinance. -- a political constitution lays down the manner and means by which power shall be exercised by the executive, legislature and judicature. Some countries, e.g. the U.S.A., have a written constitution. Others have unwritten constitutions, although as in Great Britain, there may be many written rules of law: e.g. Bill of Rights, et cetera... Constitutions are defined as flexible or rigid according to the ease with which they may be amended: e.g. the U.S. constitution provides for a long and difficult process of amendment, whereas in Britain the constitution may be modified simply by a parliamentary majority. constitutionalism: noun. a constitutional system of government || adherence to the principles of such government. constitutionalist: noun. a supporter of constitutional government || a writer on or student of constitutional government. constitutionality: noun. the state or quality of being constitutional. constitutional law: the collection of rules which defines the powers, organization and responsibilities of central and local government. In the U.S.A. the term is restricted to the law that is handed down by the courts in interpreting the written constitution. cybernetics: noun. the study of of the operation of control and communication systems. It deals with both biological and man-made machinery. [~steersman] ========================================== democracy, democrat, democratic. ========================================== 1. ~Democrat derives from EF-F ~démocrate, back-formation from MF-F ~démocratie (whence E ~democracy), itself from LL ~democratia, from Gr ~demokratia: ~demo-, combining-form of ~demos, the people + ~-kratia, from ~kratos, power. ~Democratic: MF-F ~democratique: ML ~democraticus: Gr ~demokratikos, adjective of ~demokratia. Gr ~demos perhaps derives from ~daiomai, I divide, akin to OIr ~dam, troop, company, and Skt ~dati, to distribute. (Compare with DEMON.) EF - Early Modern French (1500-1700) MF - Medieval French (CC13-15) F - French E - English LL - Late Latin (c A.D. 180-600) ML - Medieval Latin Gr - Greek OIr - Old Irish Skt - Sanskrit -- [from New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary...] Democritus: (460-370 B.C.) Greek philosopher who developed still further the atomist theory of his teacher Leucippus. Leucippus of Miletus (5th c. B.C.): Greek philospher, originator of the atomist theory of matter. atomism: noun. (~philosophy) the doctrine, especially as taught by the Greek philosphers Leucippus and Democritus, that all matter consists of different arrangements of a limited number of indivisible particles or atoms. demon: a person relentless in some specified respect || an indwelling compulsive force. [L. daemon, a spirit] democracy: noun. a government by the people, usually through elected representatives || a state so governed || (pop.) social equality. republic: a form of government in which the head of state is an elected president rather than a monarch || a form of government in which the sovereign power is widely vested in the people either directly or through elected representatives || a state with either of these forms of government || a society whose members are equally engaged in the same activity. [fr. F. ~republique or L. ~respublica fr. ~res, affair + ~publicus, public] {public affair} representation: n. a representing or being represented || something wich represents || (law) a statement accepted as true and as a reason for entering into a contract. representative: 1. adj. serving to represent, esp. as being an example of or having the general character of something whole || of, marked by or based on a system of represent- ation by elected delegates, ~representative ~government 2. noun. someone or something regarded as characteristic or serving to exemplify || a person who is appointed to act and speak for another person or for a country, company, group etc. || a traveling salesman || in the U.S.A., a member of the elected lower house of Congress (House of Representatives) or of a state legislature. ========================================== capital, adjective hence noun, whence also capitalism, capitalist, capitalize, capitation, capitulate, capitulation. ========================================== The adjective ~capital is adopted from OF-F ~capital: L ~capitalis, of the head, concerning loss of head, from ~caput, the head, oblique stem ~capit- (for anterior etymology, CHIEF); the noun ~capital is adopted from EF-F. ~Capitation derives from LL ~capitation-, oblique stem of ~capitatio, a poll tax, from ~capit-; '~to~capitulate', from ML ~capitulatus, past participle of ~capitulare, to number, hence to distinguish, by heads or chapters, with derivative ~capitulatio, oblique stem ~capitulation-, whence, via EF-F, the E ~capitulation, with E-formed adjective ~capitulatory. The compound LL ~recapitulare, to number again, has past participle ~recapitulatus, whence '~to~recapitulate~', and subsidiary ~recapitulatio, oblique stem ~-ation-, whence, perhaps via MF-F, the E ~recapitulation. OF - Old French F - French L - Latin EF - Early Modern French (1500-1700) LL - Late Latin (c A.D. 180-600) ML - Medieval Latin aristocracy: noun. government by a small, privileged, hereditary class, drawn from the leading families in the state (cf. DEMOCRACY) || a state so governed || the members of such a governing class, in particular those who bear titles of nobility (even when they no longer control government) || (in Plato and Aristotle) government by those whose character best fits them for the task || the best or most prominent of any class [aristos~best+kratia~rule]. oligarchy: n. a form of government in which power is in the hands of a few || a state or country ruled in this way || the governing members of an oligarchy. oligopoly: n. control of a market by a few producers, no one producer being dominant. monopolize: to make a monopoly of || to assume exclusive control or use of monopoly: n. exclusive control of the supply of a product or service in a particular market || an exclusive privilege to engage in a particular business or provide a particular service, granted by a ruler, state etc. || a commodity under exclusive control || a company having exclusive control. monotheism: n. belief in only one God. communism: n. the ownership of property, or means of production, distribution and supply, by the whole of a classless society with wealth shared on the principle of 'to each according to his need', each yielding fully 'according to his ability' || the body of political and economic doctrines which sets forth the establishing of this as a revolutionary aim through the dictatorship of the proletariat. Communism: a social and political movement which is based on Marx's interpretation of history and which seeks to achieve communism by revolutionary means. [~communis common] -- The history of Communinism goes back to Karl Marx's 'Communist Manifesto' published (1848) in England, in which he put forward historical materialism. Lenin developed the the Communist party after the Russian Revolution (1917), when the U.S.S.R. was established. Stalin opposed Trotsky's insistence on universal revolution and developed a strong dictatorship, which after his death was denounced by Khrushchev as 'the cult of personality'. Since Stalin, there has been a return in Russia to Marxist- Leninism. There are profound differences in the development of Communinism in Russia, China, Poland, Yugoslavia and other countries. (Websters Dictionary version circa 1989) Marxism: n. the political, economic and social system advocated by Marx and Engels and their followers. Its philosophical bases are dialectical materialism and historical materialism. It sees capitalist society in terms of the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoise. It holds that that communism, the political aspect of the system, will be achieved when the class struggle results in the overthrow of capitalism by the dictatorship of the proletariat and when a classless society has emerged from the withering away of the state. proletariat: the lowest class in a modern society, esp. (in Marxist theory) industrial wage earners possessing neither property nor capital and living by the sale of their labor || the lowest class in ancient Rome. bourgeoise: 1. adj. belonging to or typical of the middle classes || having self-centered, materialistic and conformist ideas 2. noun. someone having such limited ideas || a member of the middle classes. bourgeoisification: n. becoming, or making into, a middle-class person, or instilling or applying middle-class ideas. revolution: n. the act of revolving || an unconstitutional overthrow of an established government || a fundamental social change || any fundamental complete change. radical: 1. adj. relating to or affecting fundamentals, ~a ~radical ~change. || existing in the essential character of a person or thing || arising from the rhizome, or rootlike stem || of or pertaining to a linguistic root || (esp. politics) seeking to make drastic reforms in society as it is. 2. a free radical || a person of radical views or symphathies. radical right: (U.S.) extreme conservative movement in politics, e.g. fascism. (radical rightism, radical rightist). fascism: any political or social ideology of the extreme right which relies on a combination of pseudo-religious attitudes and the brutal use of force for getting and keeping power. ideologism: extreme loyalty to an ideology. ideology: n. a body of ideas used in support of an economic, political, or social theory || the way of thinking about class, culture or individual || (philos.) the science of ideas, esp. those springing from sensory stimulation. state: 1. n. a form or model of being, a condition || such a condition with respect to the mind or emotions, or to growth or development || a self-governing political community occupying its own territory || a partly autonomous member of a political federation || the condition of aggregation or arrangement of matter || the condition of a physical system separate from all other conditions of that system and specified by definite quantities of energy, entropy, momentum etc. || State: the political organism as an abstract concept. public: 1. of or pertaining to the community as a whole, ~the ~public ~good || for the use of the community at large and maintained at the community's expense || that is or can be known by all members of the community || acting for the people || of or relating to the service of the community, often receiving publicity. 2. n. (usually with 'the') the members of a community in general || a group or section of a community characterized by some common interest. public service: service of the state || that which serves a need of the public. private view: a showing of an exhibition to specially invited people, held before the general public is invited. privatism: 1. policy of not becoming involved in matters not personally essential. 2. the desire for privacy. private: 1. adj. belonging to a particular person or group and not shared with others in any way, ~private ~property || not holding public office, ~private ~citizen || having nothing to do with one's official or public character || secret, hidden from others || not available to or not supported by the general public... [fr. L. ~privatus, not holding public office] private: estate: class 61.2 house and grounds 191.7 people 417.2 property 810.4 state 7.1 n. a landed property || the whole of a person's property, including real estate and personal estate || a development (tract of land developed as a unit) || a class in society sharing in the government of a country. The Establishment: the people established in positions of authority, esp. the ruling class, bound together by intermarriage or interest and popularly regarded as having excessive privileges and power. ------------------------------------------------------- bc-microsite http://www.electronetwork.org/bc/ # distributed via <nettime>: no commercial use without permission # <nettime> is a moderated mailing list for net criticism, # collaborative text filtering and cultural politics of the nets # more info: majordomo@bbs.thing.net and "info nettime-l" in the msg body # archive: http://www.nettime.org contact: nettime@bbs.thing.net